Figure 5. Copyright 2017 American Academy of Dermatology, Inc. Compared to the spiky papillae in verruca vulgaris (VV), the papillae in condyloma acuminatum have more rounded and undulating contours, with less robust hyperkeratosis (Figure 1, A). Histologic lichenoid features in oral dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma. 2021 Jan;48(1):184-191. doi: 10.1111/cup.13861. Epub 2011 Dec 15. [42] These four groups are divided into clavicipitaceous endophytes (Class 1) and non-clavicipitaceous endophytes (Class 2, 3, and 4). Iocca O, Sollecito TP, Alawi F, et al. These papillae are surmounted by columns of parakeratosis (church spire parakeratosis), whereas the valleys between the papillae show hypergranulosis (Figure 7, B). Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. Koilocytes containing enlarged and irregular nuclei, perinuclear halos, and coarse keratohyalin granules may be found in the granular and upper spinous layers. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. [10] Endophytes may become active and reproduce under specific environmental conditions or when their host plants are stressed or begin to senesce, thereby limiting the amount of carbon provided to the endophyte. Rosebush MS, Briody AN, Cordell KG. [20] The proposed mechanisms behind this include high inorganic phosphate solubilization ability by the fungi as well as organic phosphate mineralization, increased mycorrhizal associations through root colonization, and enhanced nitrogen and phosphorus uptake. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12105-020-01262-9, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12105-020-01262-9. [67], An endophytic fungus of the genus Pseudomassaria has been found in the rainforest of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Feller L, Wood NH, Raubenheimer EJ. Proliferative leukoplakia: proposed new clinical diagnostic criteria. [24] Additionally, H. frisingense is known to produce indoleacetic acid (IAA),[25] and was also shown to manage IAA genes, indicating that there is an intricate balance maintained between ethylene and IAA by H. [1], Endophytes were first described by the German botanist Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link in 1809. Angulated tumor nests infiltrate the underlying stroma. C, A defining feature is the presence of xanthomatous (foam) cells in the dermal papillae (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnifications 40 [A], 200 [B], and 400 [C]). Davidova LA, Fitzpatrick SG, Bhattacharyya I, Cohen DM, Islam MN. B, Higher magnification reveals features of epidermolytic hyperkeratosis: cytoplasmic vacuolation, coarse keratohyalin granules, and perinuclear eosinophilic inclusions in the spinous and granular layers (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnifications 40 [A] and 400 [B]). A, A warty squamous cell carcinoma shows an irregular verruciform architecture with conspicuous fibrovascular cores. As humans become more aware of the damage that synthetic insecticides cause to the environment and beneficial insects such as bees and butterflies biological insecticides may become more important to the agricultural industry.[31]. 2019;215(12):152670. A, A small verrucous papule with marked hyperkeratosis. Multiple studies have demonstrated the presence of HPV, predominantly type 6, in up to 70% of anogenital SKs.1014 In contrast, HPV was rarely detected in extragenital SK and other nonHPV-mediated lesions on genital skin (such as fibroepithelial polyp, epidermolytic acanthoma, and chronic dermatitis).12,13 These findings suggest that genital SK is at least similar or related to condyloma acuminatum. Endophytes are ubiquitous and have been found in all species of plants studied to date; however, most of the endophyte/plant relationships are not well understood. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Malignant transformation risk of oral lichen planus: a systematic review and comprehensive meta-analysis. 2014;118(6):71324. Endophytes also provide their hosts with an increased resilience to both abiotic and biotic stressors such as drought, poor soils and herbivory. Mller S. Oral lichenoid lesions: distinguishing the benign from the deadly. Epub 2020 Oct 16. PubMed TP53; atypical squamous nodule; keratoacanthoma; p53; squamous cell carcinoma; squamous proliferation. Silverman S Jr, Gorsky M. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: a follow-up study of 54 cases. [56], Endophytes produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites that might be useful as lead compounds in drug discovery. B, Koilocytes are readily found in the upper epidermis, while the remaining keratinocytes are cytologically uniform and bland (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnifications 10 [A] and 200 [B]). Intraexaminer and interexaminer reliability in the diagnosis of oral epithelial dysplasia. These benefits can vary depending on the host and environmental conditions. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2015;120(4):47482. 2020;14(4):91522. J Oral Pathol Med. The products provide high resistance to foliar lawn pests such as billbugs, chinch bugs, sod webworms, fall army-worms and Argentine stem weevils, but offer little protection to pests of grass roots such as grubs. Authors Sheldon Sebastian 1 , They were thought to be plant parasitic fungi and they were later termed as "microzymas" by the French scientist Bchamp. 2015;9(7):Zc17-22. Plant-microbe interactions are not strictly mutualistic, as endophytic fungi can potentially become pathogens or saprotrophs, usually when the plant is stressed. Google Scholar. Head Neck Pathol. The proliferation barely protrudes above the surface Full size image Hyperkeratotic or papillomatous variant is characterized by prominence of papillomatosis, hyperkeratosis, and horn pseudocysts with some acanthosis (Fig. Chi AC, Lambert PR 3rd, Pan Y, et al. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. and have shown cytotoxicity against human leukemia (K-562). Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2015;19(2):198204. Multiple studies have shown that unlike giant condylomas, which consistently harbor HPV, anogenital verrucous carcinomas diagnosed on the basis of strict histopathologic criteria (see below) are predominantly negative for HPV.24,25,2830 These findings support distinct pathogenetic pathways in verrucous carcinoma and giant condyloma acuminatum, and that they should be considered separate entities. Indole diterpenes, known as nodulisporic acids, have been harvested from this endophyte which have effective insecticidal properties against the blowfly larvae. CAS Careers. 2019;96:12130. B RSA, Hegde NP, et al. Fitzpatrick SG, Honda KS, Sattar A, Hirsch SA. [16] Endophytic fungal hyphae appear to grow at the same rate as their host leaves, within the intercellular spaces of the plant tissue. Unlike epidermolytic ichthyosis, which is caused by germline mutation in KRT1 or KRT10, somatic mutations in these genes have not been found in epidermolytic acanthomas.85,86 Interestingly, however, reduced expression of cytokeratin (CK) 1 and CK10 has been demonstrated by immunohistochemistry.85,87 While the exact cause of epidermolytic acanthoma remains unclear, it has been hypothesized that repetitive trauma (scratching) or other stimuli may trigger local disruption of CK1 and CK10 protein synthesis and formation of epidermolytic acanthoma.85, Verruciform xanthoma is a benign proliferation most commonly occurring in the oral cavity. A, An exophytic and endophytic verrucous squamous proliferation with a bulbous, pushing base. Koilocytosis may be subtle but often can be appreciated in a background of hypergranulosis. Parakeratosis is usually more abundant than in condyloma acuminatum.37 The key distinguishing feature is the presence of cytologic atypia in that the keratinocytes in the lower epithelium are enlarged and pleomorphic (Figure 4, B). Characterized by complex, confluent, back to back glandular proliferation, while oncocytic papilloma has a simple exophytic or endophytic growth pattern without architectural complexity High grade tumors may show marked nuclear atypia Nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinoma: Inoculation saw an upregulation in the genes relevant to jasmonate and ethylene production in the plant roots, although the mechanism to this is still unknown. PubMed Conspicuous parakeratosis fills many gaps between the verrucous projections, giving rise to a firm and rigid appearance. Similar to other HPV-negative SCCs of the anogenital tract, verrucous carcinoma is associated with chronic inflammatory conditions such as lichen sclerosus and lichen simplex chronicus, which play a key role in its pathogenesis.29,3133, Clinically, verrucous carcinoma and giant condyloma acuminatum share many common features including large tumor size, verrucous surface, exophytic and endophytic growth, typically slow progression, and virtual lack of metastatic potential.34,35 In addition to the anogenital area, verrucous carcinoma also occurs in the oral cavity, larynx, and extragenital skin.34,36 The warty excrescences in verrucous carcinoma tend to be coarse and irregular, whereas those in giant condyloma acuminatum are finer and more regular.25 Verrucous carcinoma is also more keratotic and firm than giant condyloma acuminatum, which has a more delicate and soft texture.25. Unlike lesions infected with high-risk HPV, which are diffusely and strongly positive for p16, condylomas display negative, focal, or patchy staining (Figure 1, D).17,18 When necessary, testing for low-risk HPV (types 6 and 11) by PCR-DNA sequencing, in situ hybridization, or immunohistochemistry may also aid in diagnosis.19, Giant condyloma acuminatum is a large, fungating, and locally destructive form of condyloma acuminatum. The keratinocytes are bland and without koilocytic change. Epub 2011 Feb 22. The clinical and pathologic features of all discussed entities are summarized in the Table. Prevalence of oral lesions in relation to habits: cross-sectional study in South India. London: Wiley; 1981. The constellation of marked hyperkeratosis, spiky papillae, and convergence of elongated rete ridges allows for distinction of VV from condyloma acuminatum. These endophyte plant interactions are widespread and have been found in nearly all land plants and ecosystems. WebSQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA In-situ - the second most common type of skin cancer caused from sun exposure, warts, or areas of old wounds. The rest of the keratinocytes lack cytologic atypia and mature orderly toward the surface. PubMed Villa A, Menon RS, Kerr AR, et al. Occasionally, keratinizing SCC may occur.37,38, As a surrogate marker for high-risk HPV infection, p16 immunohistochemical stain serves as a helpful tool to distinguish warty, basaloid, and warty-basaloid squamous neoplasms from condyloma acuminatum and HPV-independent (differentiated) squamous neoplasms. Search for other works by this author on: Systematic review of the incidence and prevalence of genital warts, Evidence of human papillomavirus vaccine effectiveness in reducing genital warts: an analysis of California public family planning administrative claims data, 2007-2010, Early impact of Ontario's human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination program on anogenital warts (AGWs): a population-based assessment, Decline in genital warts diagnoses among young women and young men since the introduction of the bivalent HPV (16/18) vaccination programme in England: an ecological analysis, Correlation of human papillomavirus types with clinical features of patients with condyloma acuminatum in China, Coexisting high-grade vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) and condyloma acuminatum: independent lesions due to different HPV types occurring in immunocompromised patients, Coexistence of condylomata acuminata with warty squamous cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, Human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes in condylomas, intraepithelial neoplasia, and invasive carcinoma of the penis using laser capture microdissection (LCM)-PCR: a study of 191 lesions in 43 patients, Correlation of histology and human papillomavirus DNA detection in condyloma acuminatum and condyloma-like vulvar lesions, Seborrheic keratoses from the genital region may contain human papillomavirus DNA, Detection of human papillomavirus DNA in seborrheic keratosis by polymerase chain reaction, Immunophenotypic and viral (human papillomavirus) correlates of vulvar seborrheic keratosis, Genital seborrheic keratoses are human papillomavirus-related lesions: a linear array genotyping test study. [31] It is suggested that areas of high plant diversity such as tropical rainforests may also contain the highest diversity of endophytic organisms that possess novel and diverse chemical metabolites. Capella DL, Gonalves JM, Abrantes AAA, Grando LJ, Daniel FI. These findings suggest that some cutaneous squamous proliferations on the legs of women with multiple lesions lack prominent cytologic atypia as well as TP53 mutations and might be more akin to keratoacanthoma than SCC or might represent a reactive phenomenon. [73], There are several endophytes that have been discovered that exhibit insecticidal properties. Class 1 endophytes can further be divided into Types I, II and III. Through association with fungal endophytes, the root and shoot structures of Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir) saplings in low-nutrient conditions have been shown to be elongated, as well as undergo overall biomass increases. Some endophytes may enhance host growth, nutrient acquisition and improve the plant's ability to tolerate abiotic stresses, such as drought and decrease biotic stresses by enhancing plant resistance to insects, pathogens and herbivores. Upadhyaya JD, Fitzpatrick SG, Islam MN, et al. The eruption was The disseminated form most frequently affects genital skin, particularly the scrotum and the vulva.7375 The lesions are skin-colored or whitish papules with a smooth or verruciform surface, frequently confused with condyloma acuminatum clinically.74,76 Multiple reports have confirmed the absence of HPV in epidermolytic acanthomas,73,76,77 although 1 reported case of scrotal epidermolytic acanthoma tested positive for HPV 16 when using a highly sensitive HPV DNA chip.78 It is possible that HPV was an incidental finding, rather than a pathogenic agent, in this isolated case. ( C) The endophytic squamous proliferation shows no cytologic atypia. A, A typical papillomatous papule with only mild hyperkeratosis. Contrary to historical belief, giant condyloma acuminatum and verrucous carcinoma should be considered distinct entities based on different pathogenetic pathways. Lester D. R. Thompson. Biopsy shows an endophytic squamous cell proliferation extending to the deep margin. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. Non-clavicipitaceous endophytes are divided into class 2, 3 and 4. [42], Non-clavicipitaceous endophytes represent a polyphyletic group of organisms. Aside from koilocytosis, cytologic atypia is absent (Figure 2, B). The many diverse terms used to describe the wide spectrum of changes seen in proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) have resulted in disparate clinical management. Much of the confusion stems from the lack of consistent diagnostic criteria, leading to mixed data with controversial diagnoses reported in the literature. WebEndophytic type squamous cell papilloma, is continuous with the adjacent hyperplastic epidermis and a crater forms by invagination with no pedicle. The presence of these metabolites in plants could be attributable to endophyte production alone, or to combined endophyte and plant production following transfer of the corresponding genes from endophyte to plant or vice versa. government site. [29] As often with other organisms associated with plants such as mycorrhizal fungus, endophytes gain carbon from their association with the plant host. Occasional koilocytes may be found in the upper layers.37 Mitoses and apoptoses are frequent and found at all levels of the epithelium (Figure 4, C; inset).46 When invasion occurs in the basaloid and warty-basaloid subtypes, the invasive nests often take on a basaloid appearance without keratinization. Woo SB, Grammer RL, Lerman MA. Head Neck. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. Exophytic verrucous hyperplasia of the oral cavityapplication of standardized criteria for diagnosis from a consensus report. The first method divides endophytes into two categories: systemic (true) and nonsystemic (transient). 2009;67(1):1406. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Ten of the 14 tumors that remained classified as SCC had detectable TP53 mutations. 2011 Mar;37(3):395-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2011.01895.x. Despite the many known benefits that endophytes may confer to their plant hosts, conventional agricultural practices continue to take priority. Results: Shear M, Pindborg JJ. 2015;119(6):67583. A, This lesion shows flat acanthosis with full-thickness basaloid atypia. eCollection 2019 Dec. Histopathologic features of multiple cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas of the lower extremity. One example of an endophyte-plant-insect interaction is located in the New Zealand grasslands, where endophytes, known as AR1 and AR37 are utilized to protect valuable ryegrass from the Argentine stem weevil but remain palatable to another important food source, livestock. Frictional keratoses on the facial attached gingiva are rare clinical findings and do not belong to the category of leukoplakia. Of these subtypes, the endophytic tumours have the worst prognosis because of their invasiveness and higher frequency of The author has no relevant financial interest in the products or companies described in this article. Because histopathologic findings can vary in women with multiple SCC lesions, from keratoacanthoma-like to well-differentiated SCC, we hypothesized that TP53 variants might shed light on the appropriate classification. Demonstration of HPV 2 or other nongenital HPV types in the absence of HPV 6 or 11, either by in situ hybridization or by PCR-DNA sequencing, would support a diagnosis of VV and exclude condyloma acuminatum.6872. Epub 2016 Jun 14. This enhanced survivability is largely attributed to endophytic production of secondary metabolites which protect against herbivory as well as increased uptake of nutrients. : A clinicopathologic comparison of 2,153 lesions. [59] The alkaloid beauvericin has been isolated from the fungus Fusarium oxysporum and has shown cytotoxicity against the tumor cells PC3, PANC-1, and A549. World Workshop on Oral Medicine VII: Prognostic biomarkers in oral leukoplakia and proliferative verrucous leukoplakiaA systematic review of retrospective studies. doi: https://doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2018-0039-RA. MeSH These findings suggest that some cutaneous squamous proliferations on the legs of women with multiple lesions lack prominent cytologic atypia as well as TP53 mutations and might be more akin to keratoacanthoma than SCC or might represent a reactive phenomenon. Fungal hyphae have been seen growing either flattened or wedged against plant cells. Department of Pathology, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Woodland Hills Medical Center, 5601 De Soto Avenue Woodland Hills, CA, 91364, Woodland Hills, USA, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL, USA, Sarah G. Fitzpatrick,Indraneel Bhattacharyya,Mohammed N. Islam&Donald M. Cohen, Atlanta Oral Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Decatur, GA, USA, Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA, Section of Diagnostic Sciences, Department of Applied Dental Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Dental Medicine, Alton, IL, USA, Department of Pathology, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA, Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas School of Dentistry at Houston, Houston, TX, USA, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, Centro Clnico de Cabeza y Cuello, Patologa Divisin, Guatemala City, Guatemala, Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA, Department of Pathology, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, VA, USA, Department of Pathology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Department of Pathology, MUSC Health-University Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA, Department of Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA, You can also search for this author in

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